很多考生對雅思閱讀的困擾在于，文章很長，讀不懂，時間不夠，其實這也是出題人的用意所在——雅思閱讀文章之所以長，是因其涉及很多專業(yè)詞匯，一部分為干擾性，即考驗考生根據(jù)題目進行信息聚焦而排除干擾信息的能力；另一部分，為理解性，即考驗考生結(jié)合語境綜合理解文本信息。
而本文環(huán)球教育廣州學(xué)校袁宇坤老師將主要集中于如何利用上下文語境去解題。簡單來說，就是如何利用文中隱藏的“解釋”信號幫助我們有效率的解題，如玩游戲取得錦囊通關(guān)。
首先，筆者所理解/或定義的“解釋”信號為作者為讓讀者理解一些生僻詞匯所設(shè)置的語言提示，常見的有指代、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折，本文僅探討這三種。
1.指代關(guān)系
想了解指代關(guān)系，首先要理解一個前提，英文中前后句需體現(xiàn)邏輯一致性，而邏輯一致性的一個體現(xiàn)在于：指代。
例如，我在街上看到一個金色頭發(fā)的男人，那個人竟然在隨地大小便。注意劃橫線的那個人指代的是上一句的一個金色頭發(fā)的男人，這樣上下句通過指代關(guān)系就有了一定的邏輯一致。
核心總結(jié)（敲黑板?。壕渲谐霈F(xiàn)指代信號詞，指代的東西一定在前文有出現(xiàn)過。
常見可表指代功能的詞有：the（可表特指）、this/that、these/those、such、it/they/them和定語從句中常用的which/that等。（注意：此處僅列出筆者認為較常用的）
例題：C12-Test 5-Passage 1-Cork-Question 6-13
題型：complete the notes below
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
Comparison of aluminium screw caps and cork bottle stoppers
Advantages of aluminium screw caps
are 7_____________ to produce
are 8_____________ to use
Advantages of cork bottle stoppers
suit the 9_____________of quality products
cork forests aid 12_____________
----------審----------題---------分----------割----------線-----------
原文如下：引用部分自倒數(shù)第二段和最后一段
The result has been a gradual yet steady move first towards plastic stoppers and， more recently， to aluminium screw caps. These substitutes are cheaper to manufacture and， in the case of screw caps， more convenient for the user.
The classic cork stopper does have several advantages， however. Firstly， its traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly-and more importantly-the cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without difficulty. Moreover， cork forests are a resource which support local biodiversity and prevent desertification in the regions where they are planted.
分析：（先7&8后9&12）
先回顧一下老師上課教授的填空題解題步驟：定位-空格前后搭配-空格詞性-字數(shù)。
從第7題開始，定位詞aluminium screw caps又長又怪，相信定位不難，然后是前后搭配are____ to produce，很大可能是填一個形容詞adj，同理第8題也是adj啦，相信童鞋們都能觸類旁通。
通過定位原文，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)第一小段第二行出現(xiàn)了定位詞（見標(biāo)黑橫線），而第二句句首出現(xiàn)的these substitutes直接代指前文提及的aluminium screw caps，然后根據(jù)manufacture=produce的替換，鎖定Q8的答案為cheaper。
而第9題第三行結(jié)尾處的the user替換了to use。
所以Q9的答案為convenient (別問老師為什么不能填more convenient ← ←)
7&8原文
The result has been a gradual yet steady move first towards plastic stoppers and， more recently，to aluminium screw caps./These substitutes are cheaper to manufacture and，in the case of screw caps， more convenient for the user.
第9題，定位詞cork bottle stoppers，suit意思為符合/吻合，后置位為quality products。第12題，定位詞cork forests，aid理解為有助于xxx，（別想錯成那個aids哦）。
第一行出現(xiàn)第9題定位詞cork stopper，說其有幾個優(yōu)勢，那么下文就會列舉其優(yōu)勢。
第一個優(yōu)勢，作者用的詞是its，指代什么呢？當(dāng)然是前文所提及的cork stopper，指它的image，in keeping with替換了suit，而第二行的that才真正考驗考生的語法功力，這指代的是前面的image，因為比較的對象需一致（xx的image與xx的image比）。
所以Q9答案填的是 image。第12題，第四行出現(xiàn)定位詞cork forests，并給其下定義為一種資源，后面的which指代這種資源即cork forests，support替換為aid，故Q12答案為biodiversity。
9&12原文
The classic cork stopper does have several advantages，however. Firstly，its traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality goods/with which/ it has long been associated.Secondly-and more importantly-the cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without difficulty.Moreover，cork forests are a resource which support local biodiversity and prevent desertification in the regions where they are planted.
觸類旁通：
Test 5-Passage 2-collecting as a hobby
Q14-21 complete the sentence below
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage
18.Collecting sometimes involves a life-long_______ for a special item
原文：
Another motive for collecting is the desire to find something special， or a particular example of the collected item， such as a rare early recording by a particular singer. Some may spend their whole lives in a hunt for this. Psychologically， this can give a purpose to a life that otherwise feels aimless
Tips：注意題目空格后面的是a special item
答案：hunt/desire
解析：原文第三行…spend their whole lives in a hunt for this中的this指前文提及的item，spend their whole lives替換了life-long，因此答案為hunt，又因該段段首中心句說明了另一動機是發(fā)現(xiàn)特別之物的desire，故也可填desire。
指代-變體1：術(shù)語類
指代關(guān)系的考察除了上述通過指代詞，還往往會考術(shù)語，即考察考生通過識別文章的解釋性信號去了解專業(yè)術(shù)語的意思。那么，我們首先需要了解作者會如何提出術(shù)語，其次如何解釋術(shù)語。
常見提出術(shù)語方式：
語言提示：refer to as/known as/coin the term
符號提示：引號
常見的解釋術(shù)語方式：
破折號——
冒號：
括號（）
用于同位語中的逗號，
例題：C12-Test 7-Passage 3-music and the emotions
Questions 27-31 complete the summary
No more than two words
The Montreal study-截取第二段
Researchers also observed that the neurons in the area of the brain called 29_________ were particularly active just before the participants' favourite moments in the music---period known as the 30 __________ . Activity in this part of brain is associated with the expectation of reward stimuli such as 31 _________.
審題關(guān)鍵詞示例參考：
Researchers also observed that the neurons in the area of the brain called 29_________ were particularly active just before the participants' favourite moments in the music---period known as the 30 __________ . Activity in this part of brain is associated with the expectation of reward stimuli such as 31 _________.
碎碎念解析：
29.大腦的某部位名稱、里面有neurons
30.某個period的名稱，在favourite moments in music前、neurons變得active的period
31.某種reward stimuli的名字，因為空格前面為such as
原文：
What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate---a region of the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations， and in anticipating food and other “reward stimuli”---were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants' favourite moments in the music. The researchers call this the “anticipatory phase” and argue that the purpose of this activity is to help us predict the arrival of our favourite part.
解析：
What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons /in the caudate/---a region of the brain /involved in learning stimulus-response associations， and in anticipating food and other “reward stimuli”---were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants' favourite moments in the music. The researchers call this the “anticipatory phase” and argue that the purpose of this activity is to help us predict the arrival of our favourite part.
29題先出現(xiàn)定位詞neurons，句子比較長我們把中間的成分去掉簡化成the dopamine neurons were at their most active around 15 seconds before……可得neurons were active。
再結(jié)合neurons in the caudate，而caudate破折號后解釋其為 a region of the brain。綜上所得，Q29 caudate，所用的技巧為破折號表解析。
31題結(jié)合food and other “reward stimuli”中的other，說明food 屬于某種reward stimuli可得答案為Q30 food
30題結(jié)合The researchers call this the “anticipatory phase”…作者用引號引出專業(yè)術(shù)語，并用代詞指代前一句所描述的狀態(tài)，與題目吻合，因此Q30 anticipatory phase。
指代-變體2：從屬類
從屬類一般所用表達方式為such as/other/…of…等，表達某物屬于某類，或是另一物的一部分。例如上述所列出的31題food and other “reward stimuli”，other一詞說明food也是一種reward stimuli。
題目：C11-Test3-Passage 1-The story of silk
Questions 1-9
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Silk reaches rest of world
●Silk production spreads across Middle East and Europe
●20th century: 9.and other manmade fibres cause decline in silk production
原文：
The nineteenth century and industrialisation saw the downfall of the European silk industry. Cheaper Japanese silk， trade in which was greatly facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal， was one of the many factors driving the trend. Then in the twentieth century， new manmade fibres， such as nylon， started to be used in what had traditionally been silk products， such as stockings and parachutes. The two world wars， which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan， also stifled the European silk industry. After the Second World War，Japan's silk production was restored， with improved production and quality of raw silk. Japan was to remain the world's biggest producer of raw silk， and practically the only major exporter of raw silk， until the 1970s.
答案：nylon（而不是wars）
解析：這題目不難定位，但很多同學(xué)卻填錯wars，因為他們看到了原文第六行“The two world wars， which interrupted 打斷the supply of raw material from Japan， also stifled抑制 the European silk industry”。
但是題目說的是____ and other mammade fibres，說明空格內(nèi)應(yīng)該填某種mammade fibres，所以應(yīng)根據(jù)第四行new manmade fibres such as nylons作答，得出答案為nylons。
2.因果關(guān)系
若想了解因果關(guān)系，首先必須掌握一些常用的表達因果關(guān)系詞。
表原因：reason/cause/because/since/as/given that/because of
表結(jié)果：so/hence/therefore/as a result/as a consequence
另外，筆者也總結(jié)了一些常見的但考生往往不太熟悉的可用于表達因果的語言素材：
語言表達（對象均為A、B）原因結(jié)果
A is responsible for BAB
A result in/cause/lead to BAB
It is A that allow…to BAB
B has to do with AAB
A breed/give rise to/generate/give birth to BAB
小試牛刀：識別以下句子的因果關(guān)系詞，并猜測劃線詞義。
Since some species are largely nocturnal， collecting should not be confined to daytime.
表原因的詞為：since
中文意思：
既然一些物種是nocturnal的，那么收集（物種）不應(yīng)該限定在白天。
解析：
相信看到這里大家都猜到nocturnal的意思為…，沒錯就是夜行的、夜間活動的。
例題：C8-T4-R3
題型：matching features特征搭配
Questions 31-36
Classify the following statements as referring to
A.hand collecting
B.using bait
C.sampling ground litter
D.using a pitfall trap
Write the correct letter，A，B，C or D，in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.
27.It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.
28.It is particularly effective for wet habitats.
29.It is a good method for species which are hard to find.
30.Little time and effort is required.
31.Separate containers are used for individual specimens.
32.Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.
The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary from a few to several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes are generally better)， while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol， as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out.
解析：最后兩行中的：The preservative/ used/ is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol， as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out.
這里被使用的防腐劑通常是ethylene glycol or propylene glycol，因為（as）酒精會揮發(fā)（evaporate）然后陷阱就會干掉。那么問題是，防腐劑會不會用酒精呢？
不少同學(xué)第一眼會被evaporate困擾著，其實還可以利用后面語境中的traps will dry out反推，酒精應(yīng)該會不見。
因此可推為揮發(fā)，那么酒精肯定是不好的，從而可推ethylene glycol or propylene glycol應(yīng)為非酒精的。故這一段對應(yīng)的matching為32 D。
?。ㄔ摱芜€對應(yīng)34，不過因篇幅有限，故刪去34對應(yīng)原文，只截取與36有關(guān)的部分）
練到這里，相信可以上劍12大餐了，請看一道難題——
題目：C12-Test-8-Passage 2-Bring back the big cat
Questions 23-26 判斷題
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
26.It has become apparent that species reintroduction has commercial advantages
原文：
The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains， the Alps， the Vosges in eastern France and Harz Mountains in Germany and has re-established itself in many more places. As with wolves， bears， beavers， boar， bison， moose and many other species， the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it， as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere---except Britain
解析：
結(jié)合首句The lynx has now been reintroduced…as with …the lynx has been able to spread 和最后的large-scale rewilding可以綜合理解得此為species reintroduction，符合題意。
再往下看，原文說人們發(fā)現(xiàn)it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it， as tourists will pay for the chance to see it.碰到可能的生詞lucrative，可以結(jié)合后半句的as引導(dǎo)的表原因的從句：游客會為見此動物而付費，推出lucrative大概意思為有利可圖的，滿足題目中的commercial advantages。
3.轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)
轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)利用的是轉(zhuǎn)折詞前后意義相反，根據(jù)前/后推斷出另外一頭的大概含義。
常見的轉(zhuǎn)折詞有：but/however/while/whereas/yet/although等。
題目：C5-TFNG判斷題
Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.
原文：
Baekelite，although treated with disdain in its early years， went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion -- the material of a thousand uses.
分析：
審題：Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.
定位詞：Bakelite考點是副詞修飾形容詞immediately welcomed，這樣我們的信息焦點就有了：看這東西是否立馬受人們歡迎。
回到原文首句出現(xiàn)定位詞，還原并簡化答案句為：
although（Bakelite was）treated /with disdain/ in its early years， Bakelite went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity即盡管早些年人們用disdain對待Bakelite，Bakelite后來受歡迎-popularity。
although為轉(zhuǎn)折詞，前后意義相反，disdain與popularity形成對比轉(zhuǎn)折，由此可推disdain一詞為“不受歡迎”這般意思（該詞真實意思為鄙視，與不受歡迎差不多）。因此該題判斷為False，Bakelite并非立馬受歡迎，而是早些年不受人們歡迎，后來變得受歡迎。
總結(jié)：
